Airbags have undoubtedly saved countless lives on the road. But what happens when these safety devices themselves become a danger?

The world is still reeling from the scale of the Takata recall – the largest automotive recall in history – which saw more than 67 million inflators called back in the U.S. alone due to faulty propellant that could violently explode. With tens of millions of airbags reaching the end of their life every year, this waste stream poses a serious environmental and public safety question: how do we responsibly recycle something designed to detonate?

The scale of the problem

Airbags are far from simple products. They are built from tough steel casings, woven nylon fabrics, and inflators packed with energetic propellants such as ammonium nitrate or, historically, sodium azide. These chemicals degrade over time, becoming increasingly unstable and unpredictable.

If mishandled, an undeployed airbag can explode without warning – with force equivalent to a stick of dynamite. Reports have even emerged of inflators escaping during treatment and blasting through buildings. The risk this poses for operators, recyclers, and the wider public is huge.

The danger extends beyond recycling sites. Without effective destruction, there is a real risk that recalled, or end-of-life airbags re-enter the aftermarket and are fitted back into vehicles, putting drivers at risk. Regulators have therefore stepped in. In the U.S., the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) both play roles in regulating the transportation, storage, and destruction of airbags.

Why are airbags difficult to recycle?

At first glance, the challenge seems obvious. Airbags are engineered to resist breaking until the precise moment they are needed. Passenger inflators, in particular, are large, heavy steel cylinders – stubborn to cut and hazardous to process.

Traditional destruction methods, such as kilns, proved slow, costly, and damaging to the equipment. Early experiments with shredding airbags underwater – in the hope of suppressing explosions – failed. The propellants contain their own oxidizers, meaning they still ignite, with shockwaves amplified by the surrounding water.

So, what is the alternative?

Shredding breakthroughs

Through trial and error, UNTHA developed specialized technology that enables the inflators to be safely shredded, while also removing the propellant and other chemicals from the steel.

Once shredded, the inflator’s explosive capacity is neutralized, and the remaining steel can be recycled or further processed. The crucial achievement is that the airbags can no longer pose a danger and will not re-enter vehicles.

However, getting there was not straightforward. Smaller shredders failed under the stress of these materials, sometimes destroying themselves within weeks. Larger machines, heavily modified and reinforced, eventually proved robust enough – though even then, this is an exceptionally challenging application.

Safety above all

Even with the right technology, the risks remain high. Systems must be carefully engineered with proper venting, emissions monitoring, and strict handling protocols. Facilities tackling this waste stream work closely with regulators and invest heavily in safe logistics, from secure storage to emissions capture.

It is not a task for just any recycler – but it is one that must be done.

The Takata effect

The Takata airbag recall highlighted the sheer scale of the issue. Our customer, a specialist recycling company in the US Midwest, works closely with manufacturers, , and has destroyed vast quantities of recalled inflators, with materials shipped in from across the country.

This work demonstrates what is possible when the right partnerships, regulations, and technologies come together. But Takata is far from an isolated case – and airbags will continue to enter the waste stream as vehicles age out of service.

Why responsible recycling matters

At its heart, the destruction of airbags is about safety. By shredding inflators so they cannot explode or be reused, recyclers eliminate a dangerous risk from circulation. At the same time, metals can be recovered, and hazardous chemicals are safely contained rather than released into the environment.

Yes, it is a complex, costly, and high-maintenance process. But the alternative – leaving explosive devices to circulate in the aftermarket or dumping them untreated – is unthinkable.

Ultimately, airbag recycling remains a niche but critical challenge. Lessons learned from this field are already influencing wider shredder design and even innovations in other complex waste streams, such as batteries. Meanwhile, discussions are underway about the recovery of airbag textiles and polymers, as well as the development of safer inflator chemistries to facilitate end-of-life treatment.

This was a first-of-its-kind project. We were forced to learn and adapt along the way, and today, we know it can be done safely and economically.

Airbags are life-saving devices, but at the end of their journey, they become hazardous waste. With millions entering the waste stream each year, responsible recycling is essential.

By combining regulatory oversight, recycling expertise, and technological innovation, the industry has proven that even the most explosive of problems can be defused.

Discover more about UNTHA’s industrial shredding solutions or speak to our team to find the right shredder for your application.